When a learner does not attend school or class. While absenteeism refers to absences from school ‘for any reason’, truancy refers to unexcused or unjustified absenteeism (UNICEF and UIS, 2016, p. 23) and includes involuntary and voluntary absences. Involuntary absences consider the context of learners’ lives and may be a product of social context. Voluntary absences may be associated with motivational or other factors, such as employment, which can gradually draw a learner out of school. In either case, the learner is deciding not to be in school (European Agency, 2019a).