In this funding model, funds are allocated on the basis of output: for example, in terms of the number of referred learners (the lower the number, the more funds) or achievement scores (added value: the higher the achievement scores, the more funds). The output can be defined on the basis of different aggregation levels. An output-based system generates behaviour towards achieving the desired results. An output model may reinforce the referral of learners with expected low gains in achievement scores to other parts of the system (Meijer, 1999, pp. 152–153).